Development tools for Zephyr on STM32Workbench for Zephyr: VS Code extension to set up, build, flash and debug Zephyr applications on STM32.Devicetree manager: browse, edit and visualize Zephyr devicetree, STM32CubeMX-like for Zephyr.
As the error occurs when you are initializing the GPIOs, could you check that you do not modify by error one of the pins used by your debug link (JTAG or SW)?